Post Syndicated from Pat Patterson original https://www.backblaze.com/blog/experimenting-with-deepseek-backblaze-b2-and-drive-stats/

As we explained in our recent blog post, AI Reasoning Models: OpenAI o3-mini, o1-mini, and DeepSeek R1, Chinese startup DeepSeek caused a stir when it released its R1 reasoning model in January of this year. Interestingly, DeepSeek R1 has an OpenAI-compatible API, so applications written for OpenAI should work with DeepSeek R1 with just a configuration change. Since I had a suitable sample app all ready to go, I decided to put their claim to the test.

Why, and why not, use DeepSeek?

A major difference between DeepSeek and OpenAI is cost. At the time of writing, DeepSeek charges $0.55 per million input tokens and $2.19 per million output tokens for its R1 model. That’s about 3.6% of OpenAI’s $15.00 per million input tokens and $60.00 per million output tokens for its flagship o1 reasoning model, and about half of o3-mini’s $1.10 per million input tokens and $4.40 per million output tokens.

Set against this is the fact that, in using the DeepSeek platform’s API, you are sending your data to a startup located in China that has been accused by OpenAI of “inappropriately” basing its work on the output of OpenAI’s models. It’s up to you, and your organizations’ data governance policy, whether the trade-off is worthwhile.

Another consideration is the ability to run DeepSeek’s models locally, on your own infrastructure, or, more likely, your chosen provider’s infrastructure, rather than sending requests to the DeepSeek platform. Spinning up my own DeepSeek instance was out of scope for this blog post, but I’ll likely return to it in a future blog post.

Swapping OpenAI for DeepSeek

Last month, I explained how you can build an AI agent with Backblaze B2, LangChain, and Drive Stats, walking you through a simple chatbot that can answer questions based on our Drive Stats data set—11 years of metrics gathered from the Backblaze B2 Cloud Storage platform’s fleet of hard drives. In that example, the chatbot accepted a natural language question, used OpenAI’s GPT‑4o mini large language model (LLM) to generate a SQL query that might help provide an answer, executed the query against the Drive Stats data set via the Trino SQL engine, and then used OpenAI again to interpret the result set and either repeat the query-interpret cycle, or generate a natural language answer.

I copied the Jupyter notebook from that example and used it as the basis for investigating the feasibility of swapping out OpenAI for DeepSeek. The DeepSeek version of the notebook contains the full source code of my experiments; I’ll include relevant extracts here, edited for clarity.

Since I used the LangChain AI framework, which provides a layer above a range of AI models, the only place that OpenAI surfaced in my code was in creating an instance of LangChain’s ChatOpenAI wrapper:

# OPENAI_API_KEY must be defined in the .env file
load_dotenv()
llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o-mini")

The ChatOpenAI class contains all the code required to communicate with OpenAI via its API.

According to the DeepSeek documentation, all you should need to do is:

• Provide your DeepSeek API key in the same OPENAI_API_KEY environment variable.
• Set the API base URL to https://api.deepseek.com.
• Provide a DeepSeek model name in place of the OpenAI one.

If this reminds you of the steps for using Backblaze B2’s S3-compatible API, you’re not alone. The OpenAI API has become a de facto standard for integrating with LLMs in much the same way as Amazon’s S3 API allows an ecosystem of apps and tools to interoperate with object storage systems from a variety of vendors.

Looking at the DeepSeek documentation, you can use one of two models, deepseek-reasoner (aka DeepSeek R1) or deepseek-chat. Let’s see what the much-talked-about DeepSeek R1 came up with.

Using DeepSeek R1 in the AI agent

To make it easy to use both the OpenAI and DeepSeek notebooks, I created a second entry in the .env file for the DeepSeek API key, and copied it to the OpenAI environment variable in the notebook code:

# The .env file needs at least DEEPSEEK_API_KEY, and may also contain
# OPENAI_API_KEY. Move the DeepSeek API key to the OpenAI environment
# variable
load_dotenv()

os.environ["OPENAI_API_KEY"] = os.environ.pop("DEEPSEEK_API_KEY")

llm = ChatOpenAI(model="deepseek-reasoner", base_url='https://api.deepseek.com')

As I set about repeating the steps from the Jupyter notebook that supported my previous blog post, I was disappointed to see DeepSeek fall at the very first hurdle: generating a SQL query for a simple natural language question. Here is the code:

question = {"question": "How many drives are there?"}

write_query(question)

Looking back at the original notebook, OpenAI’s response was valid SQL, although it didn’t have enough information to construct the correct query:

{'query': 'SELECT COUNT(*) AS drive_count FROM drivestats'}

DeepSeek, on the other hand, responded with a Python stack trace and this error:

openai.UnprocessableEntityError: Failed to deserialize the JSON body into the target type: response_format: response_format.type `json_schema` is unavailable now at line 1 column 13827

What went wrong? Searching for the error turns up a comment from a LangChain engineer explaining that we should use BaseChatOpenAI rather than ChatOpenAI since it “[…] accommodates many APIs that are similar to OpenAI. It uses tool calling for structured output by default.”

So, we can redefine llm accordingly, and try generating a query again:

llm = BaseChatOpenAI(model="deepseek-reasoner", base_url='https://api.deepseek.com')

write_query(question)

Unfortunately, DeepSeek returns another error:

BadRequestError: Error code: 400 - {'error': {'message': 'The last message of deepseek-reasoner must be a user message, or an assistant message with prefix mode on (refer to https://api-docs.deepseek.com/guides/chat_prefix_completion).', 'type': 'invalid_request_error', 'param': None, 'code': 'invalid_request_error'}}

Looking back at the AI agent code, we can see that we used an off-the-shelf prompt from the LangChain Prompt Hub that provides the model with a single, system, message:

================================ System Message ================================

Given an input question, create a syntactically correct {dialect} query to run to help find the answer. Unless the user specifies in his question a specific number of examples they wish to obtain, always limit your query to at most {top_k} results. You can order the results by a relevant column to return the most interesting examples in the database.

Never query for all the columns from a specific table, only ask for a few relevant columns given the question.

Pay attention to use only the column names that you can see in the schema description. Be careful to not query for columns that do not exist. Also, pay attention to which column is in which table.

Only use the following tables:
{table_info}

Question: {input}

Does this mean that DeepSeek is not, in fact, API-compatible with OpenAI? I would argue that it does not. DeepSeek implements the same API request/response syntax as OpenAI, but it is a different platform. Some variation in semantics is to be expected. We see similar variations between Backblaze B2 and Amazon S3; for example, the S3 PutObjectAcl operation sets the access control list (ACL) for an object in a bucket. Amazon S3’s access management model allows you to manipulate an object’s ACL independently of its bucket—for example, you can put a private object in a public bucket, and vice versa.

This flexibility comes with a cost: It becomes difficult to reason about the visibility of data. In fact, AWS now recommends “that you keep ACLs disabled, except in unusual circumstances where you need to control access for each object individually.”

Backblaze B2’s model is much simpler: You control access at the bucket level, and all objects have the same ACL as their bucket. Backblaze B2 implements the PutObjectAcl operation, but, if you try to set an object’s ACL to any other value than its bucket’s ACL, the service responds with an error.

Returning to the AI agent code, we can replace the single-system-message prompt with one that combines a system message with a user message:

import textwrap
from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate

query_prompt_template = ChatPromptTemplate([
    ("system", textwrap.dedent("""Given an input question, create a
    syntactically correct {dialect} query to run to help find the answer.
    Unless the user specifies in his question a specific number of examples
    they wish to obtain, always limit your query to at most {top_k} results.
    You can order the results by a relevant column to return the most
    interesting examples in the database.

    Never query for all the columns from a specific table, only ask for a the
    few relevant columns given the question.

    Pay attention to use only the column names that you can see in the schema
    description. Be careful to not query for columns that do not exist. Also,
    pay attention to which column is in which table.

    Only use the following tables:
    {table_info}""")),
    ("human", "Question: {input}"),
])

Trying the write_query() call for a third time, this is the response:

BadRequestError: Error code: 400 - {'error': {'message': 'deepseek-reasoner does not support Function Calling', 'type': 'invalid_request_error', 'param': None, 'code': 'invalid_request_error'}}

A third error! What is this “function calling” that deepseek-reasoner does not support? A helpful article on the topic at the Hugging Face AI community explains:

Function calling is a powerful capability that enables Large Language Models (LLMs) to interact with your code and external systems in a structured way. Instead of just generating text responses, LLMs can understand when to call specific functions and provide the necessary parameters to execute real-world actions.

Unfortunately, that is exactly our use case. It’s becoming clear that DeepSeek R1 is not the correct tool for implementing an AI agent—we’ve been trying to use a chisel as a screwdriver!

DeepSeek-V3: A better fit

As its name suggests, the deepseek-chat model is more appropriate for this application. The DeepSeek documentation tells us that it is based on DeepSeek-V3, released in December 2024. DeepSeek-V3 is priced at $0.27 per million input tokens and $1.10 per million output tokens; this is actually more expensive than the GPT-4o mini model I used for the OpenAI agent example ($0.15 per million input tokens, $0.600 per million output tokens), but how does it compare? Let’s take a look.

First, we need to edit the LLM creation code again to set the model name:

llm = BaseChatOpenAI(model="deepseek-chat", base_url='https://api.deepseek.com')

Now we can run write_query() again. It’s immediately clear that it’s a better fit than its “big brother:”

{'query': 'SELECT COUNT(*) AS total_drives FROM drivestats LIMIT 10'}

As with the OpenAI agent, this query is well-formed SQL, but it’s not answering the question we set—it’s giving us the total number of rows in the dataset, rather than the number of drives. Also, it’s a little odd to have a LIMIT clause in a SELECT COUNT(*) query, but it’s legal SQL, and the agent is following its instructions very literally: always limit your query to at most {top_k} results, where we set top_k to 10.

question = {"question": "Each drive has its own serial number. How many drives are there?"}

query = write_query(question)

{'query': 'SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT serial_number) AS total_drives FROM drivestats'}

So far, so good!

I’ll skip some intermediate steps here—they are all in the Jupyter notebook if you want to review them, or run them for yourself—and look at how a simple LangChain graph, built on the DeepSeek LLM, answered the question: “Each drive has its own serial number. How many drives did each data center have on 9/1/2024?”

The OpenAI version generated an invalid query, comparing the date column with the string ’2024-09-01’ without using the required DATE type identifier, but DeepSeek generates a correct SQL query and provides a useful natural language response:

DeepSeek scores a point!

Moving on to the ReAct AI Agent, which allows the LLM to perform multiple SQL queries in generating an answer to a question, DeepSeek performs similarly to OpenAI. Given the question, “Each drive has its own serial number. What is the annualized failure rate of the ST4000DM000 drive model?”, the DeepSeek agent provides the overall failure rate rather than the annualized failure rate (AFR).

When we provide explicit instructions for calculating AFR in its prompt, the DeepSeek agent provides the correct result, identical, in fact, to the OpenAI agent’s response:

The annual failure rate (AFR) for the ST4000DM000 drive model is approximately 2.63%.

However, when given the question, “What was the annual failure rate of the ST8000NM000A drive model in Q3 2024?”, the DeepSeek agent gives us:

[(1.6100573445081607,)]

While OpenAI responds:

The annual failure rate (AFR) of the ST8000NM000A drive model in Q3 2024 is approximately 1.61%.

Wrapping up the investigation, the final question from the OpenAI notebook is more complex:

Considering only drive models which had at least 100 drives in service at the end of the quarter and which accumulated 10,000 or more drive days during the quarter, which drive had the most failures in Q3 2024, and what was its failure rate?

Impressively, the OpenAI agent constructed a well-formed SQL query and provided the correct response:

The drive model with the most failures in Q3 2024 is the TOSHIBA MG08ACA16TA, which had 181 failures. Its failure rate during this period was approximately 1.84%.

BadRequestError: Error code: 400 - {'error': {'message': "An assistant message with 'tool_calls' must be followed by tool messages responding to each 'tool_call_id'. (insufficient tool messages following tool_calls message)", 'type': 'invalid_request_error', 'param': None, 'code': 'invalid_request_error'}}
During task with name 'agent' and id '0aa26ba6-a3ee-ced1-de4d-b60ed7fbca99'

The phrase “insufficient tool messages” suggested that the DeepSeek LLM might need to be reconfigured to allow more tokens. According to the documentation on models and pricing, the deepseek-chat model supports a maximum of 8K output tokens, but defaults to 4K if max_tokens is not specified.

Recreating the DeepSeek wrapper object and agent accordingly, I gave it the last question again:

llm = BaseChatOpenAI(model="deepseek-chat", base_url='https://api.deepseek.com', max_tokens=8192, **extra_kwargs)

agent_executor = create_react_agent(llm, tools, state_modifier=system_message)

response = agent_executor.invoke(
    {"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Considering only drive models which had at least 100 drives in service at the end of the quarter and which accumulated 10,000 or more drive days during the quarter, which drive had the most failures in Q3 2024, and what was its failure rate?"}]}
)

# Show the SQL query sent to the database
print(response['messages'][-3].tool_calls[0]['args']['query'])

# Show the final response message
display_markdown(response['messages'][-1].content, raw=True)

This time, DeepSeek was able to generate a similar SQL query to OpenAI:

WITH drive_counts AS (
    SELECT model, COUNT(DISTINCT serial_number) AS drive_count
    FROM drivestats
    WHERE date >= DATE '2024-07-01' AND date <= DATE '2024-09-30'
    GROUP BY model
    HAVING COUNT(DISTINCT serial_number) >= 100
), drive_days AS (
    SELECT model, COUNT(*) AS total_drive_days
    FROM drivestats
    WHERE date >= DATE '2024-07-01' AND date <= DATE '2024-09-30'
    GROUP BY model
    HAVING COUNT(*) >= 10000
), failures AS (
    SELECT model, COUNT(*) AS failure_count
    FROM drivestats
    WHERE date >= DATE '2024-07-01' AND date <= DATE '2024-09-30' AND failure = 1
    GROUP BY model
)
SELECT d.model,
       f.failure_count,
       100 * (CAST(f.failure_count AS DOUBLE) / (CAST(d.total_drive_days AS DOUBLE) / 365)) AS annual_failure_rate
FROM drive_days d
JOIN failures f ON d.model = f.model
JOIN drive_counts dc ON d.model = dc.model
ORDER BY f.failure_count DESC
LIMIT 1

With a correct response:

To answer the question:

The drive model with the most failures in Q3 2024 is TOSHIBA MG08ACA16TA, which had 181 failures. The annualized failure rate (AFR) for this model during that quarter was 1.84%.

Success! But, unfortunately, this isn’t the whole story.

DeepSeek Reliability

I originally set out to write this blog post at the end of January, but the DeepSeek platform website had gone offline by January 30, so I couldn’t even start until I was able to sign up for an API key on February 5.

Given my shiny new API key, and DeepSeek’s claims of OpenAI API compatibility, I naïvely expected to be able to work through my earlier OpenAI notebook and write up the results in a couple of days. The reality was more like two weeks.

In this blog post I’ve detailed some of the error messages I encountered along the way, but I saw many more that pointed to the DeepSeek API simply being overwhelmed with traffic. For example, for over a day, when the status page reported no issues, most API requests to DeepSeek terminated after a minute with the error message:

json.decoder.JSONDecodeError: Expecting value: line 1 column 1 (char 0)

A time-consuming investigation revealed that this was caused by the DeepSeek API returning the 200 status code and headers as if the request was successful, then hanging for a minute before terminating the connection without returning any actual data. The calling code saw the 200 as success and tried to decode the non-existent API response body, resulting in the error.

I saw several more instances of intermittent errors that all seemed to point in the same direction: DeepSeek needs to add capacity to its API platform. Notably, the platform seemed faster and more stable on a Saturday morning, U.S. Pacific time, the early hours of Sunday morning in China.

Final thoughts

At present, I would have to classify the DeepSeek-V3 API as “promising, but somewhat flaky.” An agent invocation that succeeds one minute could fail the next with any of a range of error messages. That’s a shame, since when it does work, for instance, in creating the SQL query for the final question above, it tends to work very well.

One final caveat: This is a dynamic field; frameworks and services are literally being updated on a daily basis. For example, since yesterday, as I write this, four of the notebook’s module dependencies have been updated. I encourage you to experiment for yourself as your mileage will almost certainly vary, hopefully in a positive direction.

The post Experimenting with DeepSeek, Backblaze B2, and Drive Stats appeared first on Backblaze Blog | Cloud Storage & Cloud Backup

Post Syndicated from Pat Patterson original https://www.backblaze.com/blog/building-an-ai-agent-with-backblaze-b2-langchain-and-drive-stats/

Last August, I explained how you can use a Jupyter Notebook to explore AI development; specifically, building a chatbot that answers questions based on custom context downloaded from a private bucket in Backblaze B2 Cloud Storage. 

In this post, I’ll look at another AI technology, agents, and show you how I built an AI agent that answers questions about hard drive reliability based on over 11 years of raw data from our Drive Stats franchise. 

The Drive Stats dataset is ideal for this kind of work. It’s a real-world dataset, but, it only weighs in at around 500 million records consuming about 20GB of storage in Parquet format (“only” being a relative term), so you can use it with big data and AI tools on a laptop in a reasonable amount of time rather than spinning up an expensive virtual machine (VM) and/or spending days waiting for an operation to complete. As an example, converting the entire Drive Stats data set from CSV to Parquet using a Python app on my MacBook Pro takes a couple of hours. On the same hardware, converting a terabyte-scale data set would take about four days.

You can use these same techniques with any large dataset, from healthcare to ecommerce to financial services. In this example, we’re working with a single table, but you could adapt the sample code to a data lake comprising any number of tables.

What is an AI agent?

In this example, the agent’s environment is a database containing the Drive Stats data (more on that below), and I want it to perform the following tasks:

• Based on a natural language question, such as “Which drive has the lowest annual failure rate?”, generate a SQL query that retrieves data that will help answer the question.
• Execute that query against the Drive Stats dataset.
• Based on the query results, either create a new query that better answers the question, or generate a natural language answer.

As in my previous post, I’m using the open source LangChain framework. This tutorial on building a question/answering system over SQL data was my starting point. I’ll explain key points of the integration in this blog post; the full source code is available as a Jupyter notebook in the ai-agent-demo repository.

Querying the Drive Stats dataset

Now I’ve established that my agent will be writing a SQL query, the next question is, “What will it be querying?” I’ve written about querying the Drive Stats dataset before; in that blog post I explained how I wrote a Python script to convert the Drive Stats data from the CSV format in which we publish it to Apache Parquet, a column-oriented file format particularly well-suited for storing tabular data for use in analytical queries, and upload it to a Backblaze B2 Bucket using the Apache Hive table format. There’s a broad ecosystem of tools and platforms that can manipulate Parquet data in object storage (for example, Apache Spark and Snowflake) and I chose Trino, the open source distributed SQL engine that forms the basis for Amazon Athena, to execute queries against the data.

I could have used the same technologies for this exercise, but I decided to add Apache Iceberg to the mix. While Parquet is a file format that specifies how tabular data is stored in files, Iceberg is a table format that governs how those files can be combined and interpreted as a database table. Iceberg provides a number of advantages over Hive as a table format, including better performance and much more flexible data partitioning.

LangChain’s SQLDatabase class provides access to databases via the SQLAlchemy  open-source Python library. The demo code obtains a SQLDatabase instance by providing a URI containing the trino scheme, a username and the location of the database node:

db = SQLDatabase.from_uri('trino://admin@localhost:8080/iceberg/drivestats')

Note: In this and other code excerpts in this blog post, I’ve omitted extraneous “boilerplate” code. As mentioned above, the full source code is available in the ai-agent-demo repository.

As you can infer from the localhost domain name, I’m running Trino on my laptop. I’m actually running it in Docker, using the Iceberg/Hive Docker Compose script from the trino-getting-started-b2 repository. I’ll dive into that example in a future blog post.

A simple query confirms that we have a successful database connection:

db.run("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM drivestats")

'[(537220724,)]'

As the result conveys, there are over 537 million rows in the Drive Stats dataset.

Each row contains the metrics collected from a single drive in the Backblaze fleet on a specific day. The schema has evolved over time, but, currently, the following columns are included:

• date: The date of collection.
• serial_number: The unique serial number of the drive.
• model: The manufacturer’s model number of the drive.
• capacity_bytes: The drive’s capacity in bytes.
• failure: 1 if this was the last day that the drive was operational before failing, 0 if all is well.
• pod_slot_num: The physical location of a drive within a storage server, as an integer from 0 to 59. The specific slot differs based on the storage server type and capacity: Backblaze (45 or 60 drives), Dell (26 drives), or Supermicro (60 drives).
• pod_id: There are 20 storage servers in each Backblaze Vault. The pod_id is a numeric field with values from 0 to 19 assigned to each of the 20 storage servers.
• vault_id: All data drives are members of a Backblaze Vault. Each Vault consists of either 900 or 1,200 hard drives divided evenly across 20 storage servers. The Vault is a numeric value starting at 1,000.
• cluster_id: The name of a given collection of storage servers logically grouped together to optimize system performance, formatted as a numeric field with up to two digits. Note: At this time the cluster_id is not always correct; we are working on fixing that.
• datacenter: The Backblaze data center where the drive is installed, currently one of ams5 (Amsterdam, Netherlands), iad1 (Reston, Virginia), phx1 (Phoenix, Arizona), sac0 (Sacramento, California), sac2 (Stockton, California) or, now live, yyz1, our new Toronto, Ontario, data center.
• is_legacy_format: Currently 0, but may change in future as more fields are added.
• A collection of SMART attributes. The number of attributes collected has risen over time; currently we store 93 SMART attributes in each record, each one in both raw and normalized form, with field names of the form smart_n_normalized and smart_n_raw, where n is between 1 and 255.

Using OpenAI to generate a SQL query

For this project, I decided to use the OpenAI API, rather than running a large language model (LLM) directly on my laptop. LangChain has a chat model integration for OpenAI, as well as many other providers, so you could use, for example, a local Llama model (via ChatOllama) or one of the Claude models (via ChatAnthropic) if you prefer.

To use the OpenAI API, you must sign up for an OpenAI account and create an OpenAI API key. This code loads the API key from a .env file and creates a chat model instance using OpenAI’s GPT-4o mini model:

# OPENAI_API_KEY must be defined in the .env file
load_dotenv()
llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o-mini")

Now we need a system prompt template. We’ll combine this with the database schema and a natural language question to form the prompt that we send to OpenAI. As in the LangChain tutorial, I’m using a prompt from the LangChain Prompt Hub:

query_prompt_template = hub.pull("langchain-ai/sql-query-system-prompt")
query_prompt_template.messages[0].pretty_print()

This is the prompt template text, with the placeholders shown in {braces}:

================================ System Message ================================

Given an input question, create a syntactically correct {dialect} query to run to help find the answer. Unless the user specifies in his question a specific number of examples they wish to obtain, always limit your query to at most {top_k} results. You can order the results by a relevant column to return the most interesting examples in the database.

Never query for all the columns from a specific table, only ask for a few relevant columns given the question.

Pay attention to use only the column names that you can see in the schema description. Be careful to not query for columns that do not exist. Also, pay attention to which column is in which table.

Only use the following tables:
{table_info}

Question: {input}

Notice how the template requires you to specify the correct SQL dialect, constrains the number of results returned, and encourages the model to not hallucinate column names that do not exist in the schema.

A helper function populates the prompt template, sends it to the model, and returns the generated SQL query:

def write_query(state: State):
    prompt = query_prompt_template.invoke(
        {
            "dialect": db.dialect,
            "top_k": 10,
            "table_info": db.get_table_info(),
            "input": state["question"],
        }
    )
    structured_llm = llm.with_structured_output(QueryOutput)
    result = structured_llm.invoke(prompt)
    return {"query": result["query"].rstrip(';')}

We can test the helper function by calling it directly with a Python dictionary containing a simple question:

question = {"question": "How many drives are there?"}
query = write_query(question)

The resulting query dictionary does indeed contain a valid SQL query, but it won’t give us the answer we are looking for.

{'query': 'SELECT COUNT(*) AS drive_count FROM drivestats'}

That query will tell us how many rows there are in the dataset, rather than how many drives. We supplied the database schema to the model, but we haven’t given it any information on the semantics of the columns in the drivestats table. We can provide a bit more detail to obtain the correct query:

question = {"question": "Each drive has its own serial number. How many drives are there?"}
query = write_query(question)

This time, the generated SQL query is correct:

{'query': 'SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT serial_number) AS total_drives FROM drivestats'}

As you can see, it’s important to check the output of AI models—they can and do generate unexpected results.

A second helper function executes the query against the database:

def execute_query(state: State):
    execute_query_tool = QuerySQLDatabaseTool(db=db)
    return {"result": execute_query_tool.invoke(state["query"])}

We can test it using the (correct) generated query:

result = execute_query(query)

{'result': '[(430464,)]'}

We need one more helper function, to pass the result set to the model and have it generate a natural language response. This time, we define our own prompt:

def generate_answer(state: State):
    prompt = (
        "Given the following user question, corresponding SQL query, "
        "and SQL result, answer the user question.\n\n"
        f'Question: {state["question"]}\n'
        f'SQL Query: {state["query"]}\n'
        f'SQL Result: {state["result"]}'
    )
    response = llm.invoke(prompt)
    return {"answer": response.content}

Again, we can test it in isolation. Notice that we have to provide the question and query, as well as the result so that the model has the context it needs:

answer = generate_answer(question | query | result)
answer['answer']

'There are 430,464 drives.'

Success! At the present time, there are indeed 430,464 drives in the Drive Stats dataset.

LangChain’s LangGraph orchestration framework allows us to compile our three helper functions into a single graph object:

graph_builder = StateGraph(State).add_sequence(
    [write_query, execute_query, generate_answer]
)
graph_builder.add_edge(START, "write_query")
graph = graph_builder.compile()

We can visualize the flow in the notebook:

display(Image(graph.get_graph().draw_mermaid_png()))

We’ve combined the write_query and execute_query steps into a graph object that can run agent-generated queries. I’ll quote the security note from the LangChain tutorial on the inherent risks in doing so:

Building Q&A systems of SQL databases requires executing model-generated SQL queries. There are inherent risks in doing this. Make sure that your database connection permissions are always scoped as narrowly as possible for your chain/agent’s needs. This will mitigate though not eliminate the risks of building a model-driven system. For more on general security best practices, see here.

In this example, we are querying a public dataset, and I followed best practice by configuring Trino’s Iceberg connector with a read-only application key scoped to the bucket containing the Drive Stats Iceberg tables.

Now let’s stream a new question through the flow. This mode of operation displays the output of each step as it is executed, essential for understanding the flow’s behavior, particularly when it is behaving unexpectedly. The model returns structured text in Markdown format. With a couple of lines of code to extract the message from the step variable, we can use the display_markdown function to render each step’s output:

for step in graph.stream(
    {"question": "Each drive has its own serial number. How many drives did each data center have on 9/1/2024"}, stream_mode="updates"
):
    # unwrap the step value to get the markdown message
    state = one(step.values())
    message = one(state.values())
    display_markdown(message, raw=True)

This is the model’s output, and it gives us three different messages. I’ve separated them with a horizontal line for clarity:

SELECT datacenter, COUNT(DISTINCT serial_number) AS drive_count 
FROM drivestats 
WHERE date = DATE '2024-09-01' 
GROUP BY datacenter 
ORDER BY drive_count DESC 
LIMIT 10

As you can see in the output from the first step, the model generated an invalid query, comparing a date to a string, despite the database schema being included in the prompt. The output of the second step contains the resulting error message from the database, while the third step contains the model’s diagnosis of the error.

This exchange highlights a limitation of a flow that is simply a linear series of steps, such as write_query, execute_query, and generate_answer. We cannot rely on the model to generate a valid SQL query, although it is able to point the way towards resolving its error.

Creating a ReAct AI agent with LangGraph

The LangGraph framework gives you the capability to create AI agents based on arbitrarily complex logic. In this article, I’ve used its prebuilt ReAct (Reason+Act) agent, since it neatly demonstrates the agent concept, rewriting the SQL query repeatedly in response to database errors.

There are three steps to creating the agent. The first is to create an instance of LangChain’s SQLDatabaseToolkit, passing it the database and model, and obtain its list of tools:

toolkit = SQLDatabaseToolkit(db=db, llm=llm)
tools = toolkit.get_tools()

The tools list contains tools that execute queries, retrieve the names, schemas and content of database tables, and check SQL query syntax.

The next step is to retrieve a suitable prompt template from the Prompt Hub and populate the template placeholders:

prompt_template = hub.pull("langchain-ai/sql-agent-system-prompt")
system_message = prompt_template.format(dialect=db.dialect, top_k=10)

Here is the prompt template’s text:

================================ System Message ================================

You are an agent designed to interact with a SQL database.
Given an input question, create a syntactically correct {dialect} query to run, then look at the results of the query and return the answer.
Unless the user specifies a specific number of examples they wish to obtain, always limit your query to at most {top_k} results.
You can order the results by a relevant column to return the most interesting examples in the database.
Never query for all the columns from a specific table, only ask for the relevant columns given the question.
You have access to tools for interacting with the database.
Only use the below tools. Only use the information returned by the below tools to construct your final answer.
You MUST double check your query before executing it. If you get an error while executing a query, rewrite the query and try again.

DO NOT make any DML statements (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, DROP etc.) to the database.

To start you should ALWAYS look at the tables in the database to see what you can query.
Do NOT skip this step.
Then you should query the schema of the most relevant tables.

Now we can create an instance of the prebuilt agent:

agent_executor = create_react_agent(llm, tools, 
state_modifier=system_message)

Note how the agent must select the next step, and how the flow can cycle between the agent and tools steps:

display(Image(agent_executor.get_graph().draw_mermaid_png()))

Again, we can stream the agent’s execution to show us each step of its operation.

for step in agent_executor.stream(
    {"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Each drive has its own serial number. How many drives did each data center have on 9/1/2024?"}]},
    stream_mode="values",
):
    step["messages"][-1].pretty_print()

The output from this flow is over 300 lines long; I posted it in its entirety as a Gist, but I’ll summarize the steps here:

• Question: Each drive has its own serial number. How many drives did each data center have on 9/1/2024?
• The model calls the “list tables” tool.
• The list tables tool responds with a single table name, drivestats.
• The model calls the “get schema” tool, passing it the table name.
• The get schema tool responds with the schema and three sample rows from the drivestats table.
• The model submits a query to the “query checker” tool:
  SELECT datacenter, COUNT(serial_number) AS drive_count FROM drivestats WHERE date = '2024-09-01' GROUP BY datacenter ORDER BY drive_count DESC LIMIT 10;
• The query checker responds with the checked query, which is the same as its input. Note that the query checker only checks the SQL query’s syntax. The query contains the same data type mismatch as the query we generated earlier, as well as another error, as we’re about to discover.
• The model submits the query to the “query executor” tool.
• The query executor responds with a syntax error—Trino does not allow a trailing semi-colon on the query.
• The model submits a modified query to the query checker tool:
  SELECT datacenter, COUNT(serial_number) AS drive_count FROM drivestats WHERE date = '2024-09-01' GROUP BY datacenter ORDER BY drive_count DESC LIMIT 10
• The query checker responds with the checked query, which is the same as its input.
• The model submits the query to the “query executor” tool.
• The query executor responds with a type mismatch error since the query tries to compare a string value with a date column.
• The model submits a query with the necessary DATE type identifier to the query checker tool:
  SELECT datacenter, COUNT(serial_number) AS drive_count FROM drivestats WHERE date = DATE '2024-09-01' GROUP BY datacenter ORDER BY drive_count DESC LIMIT 10
• The query checker responds with the checked query, which is the same as its input.
• The model submits the query to the “query executor” tool.
• The query executor responds with a result set:
  [
  ('phx1', 89477),
  ('sac0', 78444),
  ('sac2', 60775),
  ('', 24080),
  ('iad1', 22800),
  ('ams5', 16139)
]
• The model returns a message containing the answer:

On September 1, 2024, the following datacenters had the specified number of drives:

1. phx1: 89,477 drives
2. sac0: 78,444 drives
3. sac2: 60,775 drives
4. (unknown datacenter): 24,080 drives
5. iad1: 22,800 drives
6. ams5: 16,139 drives

These results show the datacenters with their respective drive counts.

Now let’s see if the model can calculate the annualized failure rate of a drive model. We’ll use the Seagate ST4000DM000, just because that is the drive model with the most days of operation in the dataset.

for step in agent_executor.stream(
        {"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Each drive has its own serial number. What is the annualized failure rate of the ST4000DM000 drive model?"}]},
        stream_mode="values",
):
    step["messages"][-1].pretty_print()

The agent’s response mixes Markdown and LaTex notation. I used QuickLaTeX to render the LaTex to images:

The annualized failure rate (AFR) for the ST4000DM000 drive model can be calculated using the following information:

– Total failures: 5,791

– Total drives: 37,040

– Time period: from May 10, 2013, to September 30, 2024, which is approximately 11.35 years.

The formula for calculating the annualized failure rate is:

Plugging in the numbers:

Therefore, the annualized failure rate (AFR) of the ST4000DM000 drive model is approximately 13.77%.

It’s impressive that the agent shows its working so comprehensively, but, unfortunately, it arrives at the wrong answer. Those drives were not all running for the entire span of the Drive Stats dataset. The correct calculation involves determining the number of days with data for those drives and dividing it by 365 to get the correct number of years’ operation.

It’s clear that the model is not able to answer questions on drive reliability given the data available to it so far. The solution lies in prompt engineering—providing more context on the semantics of the data in the system prompt.

We can extend the default AI agent system prompt template to include specific instructions on working with the Drive Stats dataset:

prompt_template.messages[0].prompt.template += """
Each row of the drivestats table records one day of a drive’s operation, and contains the serial number of a drive, its model name, capacity in bytes, whether it failed on that day, SMART attributes and identifiers for the slot, pod, vault, cluster and data center in which it is located.

Use this calculation for the annualized failure rate (AFR) for a drive model over a given time period:

1. **drive_days** is the number of rows for that model during the time period.
2. **failures** is the number of rows for that model during the time period where **failure** is equal to 1.
3. **annual failure rate** is 100 * (**failures** / (**drive_days** / 365)).

Use double precision arithmetic in the calculation to avoid truncation errors. To convert an integer **i** to a double, use CAST(**i** AS DOUBLE)

Note that the date column is a DATE type, not a string. Use the DATE type identifier when comparing the date column to a string.

Do not add a semi-colon suffix to SQL queries."""

Now, when we ask the same question on the annual failure rate of the ST4000DM000 drive model, the AI agent generates a correct SQL query and a more concise, and correct, final response (you can inspect the full output here).

SELECT 100 * (CAST(COUNT(CASE WHEN failure = 1 THEN 1 END) AS DOUBLE) / (COUNT(*) / 365)) AS annual_failure_rate
FROM drivestats
WHERE model = 'ST4000DM000'

The annual failure rate (AFR) for the ST4000DM000 drive model is approximately 2.63%.

Let’s ask the AI agent for a statistic that we can corroborate from the Backblaze Drive Stats for Q3 2024 blog post.

response = agent_executor.invoke(
    {"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What was the annual failure rate of the ST8000NM000A drive model in Q3 2024?"}]}
)
response['messages'][-3].pretty_print()
display_markdown(response['messages'][-1].content, raw=True)

The query makes sense, and the response agrees with the table in the blog post:

SELECT 100 * (CAST(SUM(failure) AS DOUBLE) / (COUNT(*) / 365)) AS annual_failure_rate
FROM drivestats
WHERE model = 'ST8000NM000A' AND date >= DATE '2024-07-01' AND date < DATE '2024-10-01'

The annual failure rate (AFR) of the ST8000NM000A drive model in Q3 2024 is approximately 1.61%.

Interestingly, this time the SQL query used SUM(failure) to count the number of failures, rather than the equivalent, but rather long-winded COUNT(CASE WHEN failure = 1 THEN 1 END) it used in the previous query. Also, looking at the full response, we can see that, as directed by the custom prompt, the agent generated the correct syntax for comparing dates, so it didn’t need to correct and retry any queries.

Finally, let’s ask a more convoluted question, including the constraints given in the blog post:

response = agent_executor.invoke(
    {"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Considering only drive models which had at least 100 drives in service at the end of the quarter and which accumulated 10,000 or more drive days during the quarter, which drive had the most failures in Q3 2024, and what was its failure rate?"}]}
)
response['messages'][-3].pretty_print()
display_markdown(response['messages'][-1].content, raw=True)

Again, the AI agent is able to generate a valid SQL query, this time including a subquery, and its response matches the data from the blog post exactly:

WITH drive_stats AS (
    SELECT model,
           COUNT(DISTINCT serial_number) AS drive_count,
           COUNT(*) AS drive_days,
           COUNT(CASE WHEN failure = 1 THEN 1 END) AS failures
    FROM drivestats
    WHERE date >= DATE '2024-07-01' AND date < DATE '2024-10-01'
    GROUP BY model
    HAVING COUNT(DISTINCT serial_number) >= 100 AND COUNT(*) >= 10000
)
SELECT model,
       failures,
       100 * (CAST(failures AS DOUBLE) / (CAST(drive_days AS DOUBLE) / 365)) AS failure_rate
FROM drive_stats
ORDER BY failures DESC
LIMIT 10

The drive model with the most failures in Q3 2024 is the TOSHIBA MG08ACA16TA, which had 181 failures. Its failure rate during this period was approximately 1.84%.

Closing thoughts

My experience building an AI agent was astonishment at its ability to correctly generate quite complex SQL queries based on natural language instructions, tempered with frustration at its limitations, particularly the way that it would confidently generate an incorrect response, rather than saying “I’m sorry, but I don’t know how to do that.” Your AI agent development process should include generous testing time, as well as ongoing monitoring to ensure that it is coming up with the right answers.

The post Building an AI Agent with Backblaze B2, LangChain, and Drive Stats appeared first on Backblaze Blog | Cloud Storage & Cloud Backup

Post Syndicated from Stephanie Doyle original https://www.backblaze.com/blog/ai-101-building-and-deploying-an-ai-model/

Should you build your own AI model? Or use other services to help you accelerate the process?

Once you’ve defined the problem you’re trying to solve and the AI model type that best fits your needs, these are the questions you’re faced with next—where to deploy an AI model and how to go about doing it. In most cases, there is very little reason for you to build, train, and deploy your AI model from scratch, particularly as more and more vendors are stepping in to help companies with all or some of the process. It’s fundamentally complex, takes tons of resources and requires specialized knowledge to do correctly. 

Still, you should have a basic understanding of the AI model training and deployment processes, as these learnings will be useful as later on as you explore various predefined tools, applications, and services you can use to expedite or enhance your ability to use AI within your organization. That’s what I’m digging into today.

How AI model training works

There are several steps in training an AI model which include identification and gathering the data required, data cleansing and assembly, training the model, checkpointing, and, finally, model serving where the model is deployed into the production environment. Here’s an overview of the process. 

Let’s take a minute to explore each of the steps in a little more detail.

Step 1: Review 

The organizational data needed to help educate your model will either be structured or unstructured. Structured data is found in databases, tables, and so on. Unstructured data is basically everything else. Some unstructured data is easy to process, such as text files, while other data is harder to extract, such as PDFs and images. 

In general, the more data you can provide, the better your trained model can be. But, remember to include data that is not what you want as well—this helps models to hone in on the specific piece of information when things are similar. Take this example scenario, for instance:  

You are monitoring hundreds of thousands of wooded acres to determine if there is a fire on the land. As part of training the model, you need to provide images of the legitimate flora and fauna along with images of fire. But you should also provide images of what is not fire, for example reflections of the sun or moon on a lake, a group of lightning bugs at night, car headlights, and so on.

Step 2: Clean 

As the data is collected, it will need to be pre-processed, which involves several techniques such as cleaning the data to handle missing values, removing outliers, scaling features, encoding categorical variables, and splitting the data into training and testing sets. The data needs to be arranged in a manner acceptable to the model itself. This sounds relatively simple, but some studies show that this can take up to 80% of the total model development process time. 

Step 3: Stage 

This is a collection point for all of the clean, ready to be processed, data. This data will arrive as it is processed (cleaned) which can occur over several days or even weeks. Having this data on hand will be useful if the model is not generated correctly or in the future as a starting point to retrain the model.

Typically large amounts of your data will be cleaned and staged as it is readied to train the AI model. But, there are no special storage requirements for this data. It just needs to be readily available to be uploaded to the AI training environment when the time comes. 

Step 4: Train 

Model training is a resource intensive process where data is copied from staging to high-performance storage located in close proximity to whatever high-powered processor you’re rocking, usually a graphical processing unit (GPU). The GPUs then run the algorithms developed specifically for training the model, and the data is iteratively read and processed an indeterminate number of times until training is complete. Minimizing the time spent utilizing these expensive, high-powered storage and processing resources is critical in managing the overall cost of building the model. In other words: get in, process, and get out.

Step 5: Checkpoint 

During the building of the model, the programming will often create snapshots of the status of the training process. This will include various variables, state changes, and so on. These snapshots are referred to as checkpoints. They initially will be written to local storage within the model training system, and are used to restart the training process from a known good state if something goes wrong. 

Once the model training process is complete, checkpoints should be written to the same centralized data storage location as your staged data. The checkpoint data will become part of the documentation of the model and may be used for forensic purposes should the model not behave appropriately once it is deployed.

Step 6: Serve 

Once the training process is complete, the model can be exported to your central storage location. This will once again help document the system, and from there the model can then be uploaded to the local or cloud compute environment where it will be used.  

At this point you have a clean version of the source data, the checkpoints of the model created, and a copy of the model itself, all stored in your centralized location under your control and readily available should they be needed in the future. 

AI model inference

The term inference is derived from the AI model’s perspective. At a high level, when given a prompt, the model infers its response from the trained model and its data. In simple terms, you’ve trained your model to recognize cats, and then you bring it new data (a picture of a family reunion) and ask your model if it sees any cats in the photo (I’m hoping the answer is yes). 

In AI, the prompt is viewed as new data which is compared to the model’s existing data to determine a response typically in the form of a decision, prediction, or new content as is the case with generative AI models. 

An overview of the inference process is below:

In some AI systems, the inference process flow includes some additional code to help improve your model. These types of filters can have a range of uses and can happen on either the input or the output stage. For example, if you want to filter inappropriate queries or information, you could include something like keyword filtering when data (the prompt) is input. Or, you could introduce a toxicity detection filter on the output side, which reviews responses and prevents harmful or offensive content to be presented to the user.  

A perhaps better understood problem that filters like this can address is how to get accurate and up-to-date information out of your queried response. On the input flow side of things, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) directs a trained model to incorporate and weight more heavily information from trusted sources that the user designates. On the output side, you might add a hallucination prevention filter, which would stop the model from presenting false or misleading information.  

More broadly, you’ll notice that both the prompt and response are saved. It is important to review this information on a periodic basis. This is especially true if the model is public facing, if  you are using a model which can change over time such as a foundation model, or if you are using a model which utilizes RAG techniques to include new or external content. 

In all of those examples, your model can drift as new information is introduced, and, as we noted above, getting the right information and cleaning it properly is likely the most time-intensive and important stage of this process. Not for nothing is the phrase “knowledge is power” a truism—in the age of AI, knowledge is power and good data is king. 

The post AI 101: Building and Deploying an AI Model appeared first on Backblaze Blog | Cloud Storage & Cloud Backup

Post Syndicated from Pat Patterson original https://www.backblaze.com/blog/how-to-build-your-own-llm-with-backblaze-b2-jupyter-notebook/

Last month, Backblaze Principal Storage Cloud Storyteller, Andy Klein, and I presented a webinar, Leveraging your Cloud Storage Data in AI/ML Apps and Services, in which we explored the various ways AI/ML applications use and store data. In addition to sharing insights from our customers who leverage Backblaze B2 Cloud Object Storage for their AI/ML needs, we also demonstrated a simple AI use case: a retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) chatbot answering questions based on custom context downloaded from a private Backblaze B2 Bucket. After the webinar, I posted the demo source code to a GitHub repository: https://github.com/backblaze-b2-samples/ai-rag-examples. 

In this blog post, I’ll recap a little of the webinar, and explain how you can use the demo source code as a basis for your own experiments with RAG and large language models (LLMs).

But why, Pat?

You might be asking yourself, why build a chatbot when multiple online services, such as ChatGPT, are just a click away? It’s a good question. The main motivation is privacy. Suppose you want your chatbot to use confidential data in generating its responses. By running an LLM on your own machine, whether on-premises or on a virtual machine (VM) under your control in a public cloud provider’s infrastructure, you eliminate the risks of that data surfacing in response to a question from a user outside your organization.

In the webinar, I showed two Python apps running on a GPU-equipped VM at Vultr, one of Backblaze’s compute partners. The first app used the GPT4All Python SDK to create a very simple conversational chatbot running a local instance of a large language model (LLM), which it used in answering general questions. Here’s an example from the webinar:

Ask me a question: What were the causes of the First World War?

The causes of the First World War are complex and varied, but some key factors include nationalism, imperialism, militarism, alliances between nations, and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Nationalism led to tensions between ethnic groups and their respective governments, while imperialism saw countries competing for territories and resources around the world. Militarism also played a role as many European powers built up large armies and navies in preparation for potential conflicts. The complex web of alliances between nations meant that any conflict could quickly escalate into a latIer war, and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian nationalist was the spark that ignited the powder keg of tensions already present in Europe at the time.

Now, I’m not a history scholar, but that looks like a pretty good answer to me! (History scholars, you are welcome to correct me.)

The second app used the Langchain framework to implement a more elaborate chatbot, again running on my own machine at Vultr, that used PDF data downloaded from a private bucket in Backblaze B2 as context for answering questions. As much as I love our webinar attendees, I didn’t want to share genuinely confidential data with them, so I used our Backblaze B2 Cloud Storage documentation as context. The chatbot was configured to use that context, and only that context, in answering questions. From the webinar:

The chatbot provides a comprehensive, accurate answer to the question on Backblaze application keys, but doesn’t answer the question on the causes of the First World War, since it was configured to use only the supplied context in generating its response.

During the webinar’s question-and-answer session, an attendee posed an excellent question: “Can you ask [the chatbot] follow-up questions where it can use previous discussions to build a proper answer based on content?” I responded, “Yes, absolutely; I’ll extend the demo to do exactly that before I post it to GitHub.” What follows are instructions for building a simple RAG chatbot, and then extending it to include message history.

Building a simple RAG chatbot

After the webinar, I rewrote both demo apps as Jupyter notebooks, which allowed me to add commentary to the code. I’ll provide you with edited highlights here, but you can find all of the details in the RAG demo notebook.

The first section of the notebook focuses on downloading PDF data from the private Backblaze B2 Bucket into a vector database, a storage mechanism particularly well suited for use with RAG. This process involves retrieving each PDF, splitting it into uniformly sized segments, and loading the segments into the database. The database stores each segment as a vector with many dimensions—we’re talking hundreds, or even thousands. The vector database can then vectorize a new piece of text—say a question from a user—and very quickly retrieve a list of matching segments.

Since this process can take significant time—about four minutes on my MacBook Pro M1 for the 225 PDF files I used, totaling 58MB of data—the notebook also shows you how to archive the resulting vector data to Backblaze B2 for safekeeping and retrieve it when running the chatbot later.

The vector database provides a “retriever” interface that takes a string as input, performs a similarity search on the vectors in the database, and outputs a list of matching documents. Given the vector database, it’s easy to obtain its retriever:

retriever = vectorstore.as_retriever()

The prompt template I used in the webinar provides the basic instructions for the LLM: use this context to answer the user’s question, and don’t go making things up!

prompt_template = """Use the following pieces of context to answer the question at the end. 
    If you don't know the answer, just say that you don't know, don't try to make up an answer.
    
    {context}
    
    Question: {question}
    Helpful Answer:"""

prompt = PromptTemplate(
    template=prompt_template, input_variables=["context", "question"]
)

The RAG demo app creates a local instance of an LLM, using GPT4All with Nous Hermes 2 Mistral DPO, a fast chat-based model. Here’s an abbreviated version of the code:

model = GPT4All(
    model='Nous-Hermes-2-Mistral-7B-DPO.Q4_0.gguf',
    max_tokens=4096,
    device='gpu'
)

LangChain, as its name suggests, allows you to combine these components into a chain that can accept the user’s question and generate a response.

chain = (
        {"context": retriever, "question": RunnablePassthrough()}
        | prompt
        | model
        | StrOutputParser()
)

As mentioned above, the retriever takes the user’s question as input and returns a list of matching documents. The user’s question is also passed through the first step, and, in the second step, the prompt template combines the context with the user’s question to form the input to the LLM. If we were to peek inside the chain as it was processing the question about application keys, the prompt’s output would look something like this:

Use the following pieces of context to answer the question at the end. If you don't know the answer, just say that you don't know, don't try to make up an answer.

<Text of first matching document>

<Text of second matching document>

Question: What's the difference between the master application key and a standard application key?

Helpful Answer:

question = 'What is the difference between the master application key and a standard application key?'
answer = chain.invoke(question)

prompt_template = """Use the following pieces of context and the message history to answer the question at the end. If you don't know the answer, just say that you don't know, don't try to make up an answer.
    
Context: {context}
    
History: {history}
    
Question: {question}

Helpful Answer:"""

prompt = PromptTemplate(
    template=prompt_template, input_variables=["context", "question", "history"]
)

chain = (
    {
        "context": (
                itemgetter("question")
                | retriever
        ),
        "question": itemgetter("question"),
        "history": itemgetter("history")
    }
    | prompt
    | model
    | StrOutputParser()
)

store = {}

def get_session_history(session_id: str) -> BaseChatMessageHistory:
    if session_id not in store:
        store[session_id] = InMemoryChatMessageHistory()
    return store[session_id]

with_message_history = RunnableWithMessageHistory(
    chain,
    get_session_history,
    input_messages_key="question",
    history_messages_key="history",
)

questions = [
    'What is the difference between the master application key and a standard application key?',
    'Which one would I use to work with a single bucket?',
    'Can you tell me anything more about this topic?'
]

for question in questions:
    print(f'\n{question}\n')
    answer = with_message_history.invoke(
        {"question": question},
        config={"configurable": {"session_id": "abc123"}},
    )
    print(f'{answer}\n')

Go forth and experiment

One of the reasons I refactored the demo apps was that notebooks allow an interactive, experimental approach. You can run the code in a cell, make a change, then re-run it to see the outcome. The RAG demo repository includes instructions for running the notebooks, and both the GPT4All and LangChain SDKs can run LLMs on machines with or without a GPU. Use the code as a starting point for your own exploration of AI, and let us know how you get on in the comments!

The post How to Build Your Own LLM with Backblaze B2 + Jupyter Notebook appeared first on Backblaze Blog | Cloud Storage & Cloud Backup